BMPS
Infiltration Avenue
Permeable pavements show promise in Spokane
Mark Papich, Trey George
In the City of Spokane, WA, along the northern border of the Gonzaga
University campus and just a few blocks from the Spokane River, lies Sharp
Avenue, a minor arterial street located within the City’s separated stormwater
system. The street sits above part of the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie
(SVRP) Aquifer, the sole source drinking water aquifer for around a million
people in Washington and Idaho. Stormwater runoff within the City ultimately
recharges the SVRP aquifer via various infiltration pathways or discharges
directly to the Spokane River, which is listed as impaired for metals and PCBs
and has a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) limit for dissolved oxygen. In
2014, the City implemented a multipronged approach to improving water quality
in the Spokane River, including the implementation of creative solutions for the
management of runoff to include infiltration. Because there is a drinking water
aquifer underlying much of the City, adequate water quality treatment is crucial
prior to any infiltration approaches used to manage stormwater.
In the last few years, the City of Spokane has focused on an integrated approach
to its infrastructure projects, working to address multiple concerns in a single
project. Sharp Avenues’ pavement had been in very poor shape, and it contrasted
against the manicured lawns and many young pedestrians of the university, and
it was perfect for an overhaul focused on stormwater management that would
provide valuable information on the effectiveness of permeable pavement
treatment of stormwater. Using an integrated approach, the project also
enhanced pedestrian safety through the addition of bump-outs at intersections,
added a center swale to manage stormwater if the permeable pavements were
insufficient, and the area was beautified with the addition of landscaping.
Spokane kicked off the project to evaluate permeable pavements in a semi-arid
environment that has hot summers with long antecedent periods between storm
events, and cold winters that often have multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The project
area is approximately four acres of impervious pavements that constitute a
section of Sharp Avenue, which has an average daily traffic count of up to 7,500
vehicles. The permeable pavements were constructed within the vehicular
traveled way on Sharp Avenue, and consist of several different cross-sections
with varying layouts.
Stormwater quality monitoring is the primary monitoring focus on the permeable
pavements, however, the durability of the various pavement sections is also of
particular interest to the City and will be used to determine viability and estimate
costs of managing the pavements citywide.
Two different layouts tested at Sharp Avenue. Left: porous hot mix asphalt. Right: porous concrete pavement in
the parking lane.
Project Construction
The construction goal was to install different layouts with the pavements to
capture performance information of each material. The City’s design engineers
developed design and cost documents for several layouts of differing pavements
for cross-sections that varied by material, layout widths, and slope direction by
location. The final design was of adjacent areas that were either full street width,
vehicle lane only, and/or bike and parking lanes, each with differing slope
directions and comprised of either porous hot mix asphalt (HMA), pervious
concrete, or standard impervious asphalt.
Underdrains constructed from PVC liners and slotted pipes were installed under
the subbase of pervious concrete and porous asphalt areas in order to capture
infiltrated stormwater and convey it to sample stations. The underdrain system
isolates native soils from the permeable pavements and subbase and allows
monitoring of stormwater that has only interacted with the materials of
construction for the pavements. Permeable pavements and underdrains were
constructed during the 2018 construction season as follows:
Pervious concrete in full lane width (25 feet wide) on the north side of Sharp
Ave from Lidgerwood Street to Astor Street.
Pervious concrete in parking and bike lane (14 feet wide) with 11 feet of run-
on on the south side of Sharp Ave from Lidgerwood Street to Astor Street.
Underdrain installed under the pervious concrete parking and bike lane.
Pervious concrete in full intersection of Sharp Ave at Astor Street.
Porous hot mix asphalt in full lane width (25 feet wide) on both sides of the
median of Sharp Ave from Addison Street to Dakota Street. Underdrain
installed under the south lane from Astor to Addison.
Porous hot mix asphalt in full intersection at Sharp Ave and Standard Street.
Stormwater Monitoring
Stormwater monitoring is being performed to determine the pollutant removal
efficiency of the pavements for typical roadway contaminants prior to infiltration
into native soils that overlie the SVRP Aquifer. Equipment for three sample
stations (one background and two for pavement underdrain effluents) were
installed in manholes and connected via piping to each of the sample sources.
The background station captures untreated runoff from the west end of the
project area, and the pavement underdrain effluent stations capture infiltrated
runoff through pervious concrete and porous asphalt pavement sections.
The stormwater monitoring goal is to collect samples for up to 12 qualifying
storm events each year, where the criteria for a qualifying storm event is a rainfall
volume of at least 0.2 inches, and an antecedent dry period of 0.05 inches of rain
or less in the previous 24 hours. Weather forecasts are monitored, and storms are
chased to collect samples, but given the semi-arid environment in Spokane, and
the long antecedent dry periods during portions of the year, monitoring 12
qualifying events has been a challenge. On several occasions, personnel and
equipment were deployed and samples collected, but the storm failed to meet the
qualifying event criteria so the data could not be used. On one occasion, a storm
event was not predicted and equipment and personnel were not deployed,
although the weather culminated in a qualifying event. Recently, public health
concerns over COVID-19 have kept sampling personnel from assembling for
storm events. Despite the challenges presented, 7 events were sampled in the first
year of monitoring, and samples from each storm event were analyzed for pH and
typical roadway contaminants, including total suspended solids (TSS), oil range
organics (ORO), diesel range organics (DRO), total phosphorus (P), as well as the
total and dissolved metals arsenic, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper,
magnesium, lead, and zinc.
Stormwater quality trends for pH, P, and TSS trends suggest that the systems
were still stabilizing a little over a year after being constructed, but appear to
have settled down more recently. The pH trend shows that pH was elevated in
the pervious concrete effluent relative to effluent from the porous asphalt, which
is attributable to the chemical nature of curing concrete. An early spike in TSS
was observed in the pervious concrete effluent and is likely an artifact of
construction being flushed from the system. Metals data and pollutant removal
efficiency trends not presented in the above figure show similar trend behaviors.
During the first year of monitoring, testing suggests the systems were stabilizing before settling down.
The pavement systems will continue to be monitored for water quality for an
additional four years to provide a more robust data set over time, and stormwater
quality trends and pollutant removal efficiencies will be more thoroughly
addressed.
Infiltration Tests
Infiltration rate tests were performed over time at 15 locations on both pervious
concrete and porous asphalt. The infiltration rates for the porous asphalt ranged
from 52 to 691 inches per hour initially, and the rates for pervious concrete
initially ranged from 19 to 1762, each showing significant heterogeneity. Year one
data indicates that the porous asphalt infiltration rate is consistently similar over
time, whereas the pervious concrete appears to show signs of diminishing
infiltration rates with some locations near-zero infiltration. It is unclear if the
lower infiltration rates are an artifact of plugging or deterioration of the pervious
concrete. The City currently performs street sweeping with a Tymco 500x
regenerative air system vacuum sweeper twice a year to clean the surface of the
pavements, but a more rigorous cleaning method that uses a maintenance vehicle
specific to permeable pavements may be required to address the diminishing
rates of infiltration.
Durability
The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a score from 0-100, where 100 would be
a road surface in perfect condition with no wear. The City’s Streets Department
has applied a PCI score to Sharp Avenue annually to track the durability. As of
Fall 2020, the porous asphalt sections have a PCI score of 82 while the remainder
of the sections, including the pervious concrete, have a PCI score of 98 or better.
The wear that has affected the PCI score occurred within the first year, and there
was no change in the scores between the last two surveys. Since the wear was not
significant and the scores remained the same from the last survey, the City is not
overly concerned with the PCI score. PCI surveys will continue indefinitely on
Sharp Avenue as it is integrated into the citywide PCI scoring program.
Learnings to Share
There were several lessons learned during the construction phase of this project.
First and foremost, selecting an appropriate location is critical. It was determined
early that the native soils in this area of the City were favorable for infiltration
and treatment, which is clearly critical for the final disposal of stormwater. In
addition, having a single property owner/stakeholder (i.e. Gonzaga University)
with multiple entrance/exit points and few dry utility connections simplified
construction immensely. Specifically, the ability to keep vehicles and equipment
off of the permeable pavements during construction and to minimize the in and
out traffic as much as possible were paramount to a successful install on
schedule.
Since completion of construction, City teams have worked to evaluate the
effectiveness of the permeable pavements on Sharp Avenue and use its lessons to
plan future green infrastructure projects. The end goal is to minimize stormwater
discharges to the river and provide long-term value to the community. The
positive status of the project to date is due to City staff communicating effectively
Infiltration rates for the porous asphalt and pervious concrete over the first year.
Source URL: https://www.stormwater.com/bmps/article/21203016/infiltration-avenueprint
across departments, and being committed to delivering a high-quality product.
For example, the designers identified construction materials and methods that
would ensure the project was constructible, that the pavement layout capitalized
on the best use of permeable materials, and identified the best locations for
sampling stations. The Street’s Department has adopted a non-standard
maintenance approach for leaf removal to avoid clogging the pavements and use
a rubber-bit snowplow to prevent damaging them. The sewer maintenance crew
and inspectors have stepped out of their comfort zone to learn new skill sets to
collect data and perform inspections. The wastewater management sampling
team designed and installed the sample collection train, and have added Sharp
Avenue to their routine list of sites to prepare for when eagerly chasing storms. It
takes a village.
The City of Spokane will continue to monitor the permeable pavements for an
additional four years and will report the observations to the Washington State
Department of Ecology in an Effectiveness Study report. Data is also available to
the public on Ecology’s Environmental Information Management System website
at www.apps.ecology.wa.gov/eim/search/default.aspx.
Mark Papich, PE, is a senior engineer in the City of Spokane’s Integrated
Capital Management Department and is responsible for capital project scoping,
funding, and programming the City’s utility projects. Papich has designed and
programmed water, sewer, and stormwater capital projects, following projects
from inception to completion of construction. James "Trey" Geroge III is an
environmental analyst for the City of Spokane where he is responsible for
ensuring that the City meets the conditions of its’ Phase II Municipal
Stormwater Permit by engaging with interdepartmental city personnel,
coordinating with other regional permittees, and interacting with local
agencies and regulators.

Quality Assurance Project Plan:
Sharp Avenue Permeable
Pavement Pollutant Removal
Efficacy –SWMP Effectiveness
Study
March 2019
City of Spokane, Washington
Wastewater Management Department
909 East Sprague Avenue
Spokane, Washington 99203
Quality Assurance Project Plan: Sharp Avenue
Permeable Pavement Pollutant Removal Efficacy –
SWMP Effectiveness Study
Prepared for:
Washington State Department of Ecology
(In accordance with S8.B.6 of the Eastern Washington Phase II Municipal
Stormwater Permit [WAR046505])
Funded in part by:
Washington State Department of Ecology
Stormwater Financial Assistance Program
Grant Number: WQC-2016-Spokan-00016
Submitted by:
James George III
Wastewater Management Department
City of Spokane, Washington
Wastewater Management Department
909 East Sprague Avenue
Spokane, Washington 99203
Quality Assurance Project Plan: Sharp Avenue Permeable Pavement Pollutant Removal Efficacy – SWMP
Effectiveness Study
City of Spokane Wastewater Department March 2019
Page 2 of 42
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.0
Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
2.1
Spokane River Basin …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
2.2
Permeable Pavement …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
2.3
Regulatory Requirements …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
2.4
Project Location Area …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
3.0
Logistical Problems ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
3.1
Practical Constraints …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
4.0
Project Desctiption …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
4.1
Sampling Design Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
4.2
Sampling Parameters of Interest ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
5.0
Organization and Schedule …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
5.1
Roles and Responsibilities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
5.2
Special Training and Certifications ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 16
5.3
Study Schedule …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
5.4
Project Schedule Limitations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
5.5
Sampling Collection Frequency Schedule …………………………………………………………………………………… 18
5.6
Sampling Constituents ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
5.7
Budget and Funding …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
6.0
Sampling Process Design (Experimental Design)……………………………………………………………………………. 20
6.1
Design Area ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
6.2
Field Measurements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
6.3
Storm Event Measurements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
6.4
Composite Stormwater Samples ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
6.5
Storm Events ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
6.6
Observing Rainfall Predictions …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
6.7
Storm Event Staff Deployment …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
7.0
Data Quality Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
7.1
Decision Quality Objectives (DQOs) ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
7.2
Measurement Quality Objectives (MQOs) ………………………………………………………………………………… 24
7.3
Targets for Precision, Bias, and Sensitivity …………………………………………………………………………………. 26
7.3.1
Precision ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Quality Assurance Project Plan: Sharp Avenue Permeable Pavement Pollutant Removal Efficacy – SWMP
Effectiveness Study
City of Spokane Wastewater Department March 2019
Page 3 of 42
7.3.2
Bias ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
7.3.3
Sensitivity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
7.4
Targets for Comparability, Representativeness, and Completeness …………………………………………. 27
7.4.1
Representativeness ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
7.4.2
Completeness ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
8.0
Sampling (Field) Procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
8.1
Equipment Decontamination Procedures …………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
8.1.1
Sample Bottles ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
8.1.2
Automated Sampling Equipment ………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
8.2
Sampling Handling and Custody ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
8.2.1
Sample Identification ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
8.2.2
Sample Transportation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
8.2.3
Sample Preservation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
8.2.4
Sample Processing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
8.2.5
Holding Times ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
8.2.6
Chain-of-Custody Forms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
8.3
Sample Equipment Installation……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
8.4
Sample Equipment Retrieval ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
8.5
Infiltration Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
8.6
Durability Measurements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
9.0
Measurement Procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
9.1
Analytical Methods, Reporting Limits, and Containers ……………………………………………………………….. 31
9.2
Sample Volume Requirements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
10.0
Quality Control (QC) Procedures……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
10.1
Field and Lab QC Required …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
10.2
Corrective Action Processes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
11.0
Data Management Procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
11.1
Documents and Records ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
11.2
Field Operation Records ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
11.2.1
Water Quality Sample Collection ………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
11.2.2
Infiltration Rate Measurements ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
11.2.3
Durability Measurements ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
11.3
Laboratory Records………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Quality Assurance Project Plan: Sharp Avenue Permeable Pavement Pollutant Removal Efficacy – SWMP
Effectiveness Study
City of Spokane Wastewater Department March 2019
Page 4 of 42
11.4
Laboratory Data Verification …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
12.0
Audits and Reports …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
12.1
Audits ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
12.2
Deficiencies, Nonconformance, and Corrective Action …………………………………………………………… 34
12.2
Reporting ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
12.2.1
Field Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
12.2.2
Quality Assurance/Quality Control Summary ………………………………………………………………… 35
12.2.3
Annual Report …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
12.2.4
International Stormwater BMP Database data upload procedures ………………………………. 36
13.0
Data Verification and Validation ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
13.1
Data Review, Verification, and Validation …………………………………………………………………………….. 36
13.2
Verification and Validation Methods ……………………………………………………………………………………… 36
14.0
Data Quality (Usability) Assessment ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
14.1
Data Usability Assessment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
14.2
Data Quality Assessment Metrics ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
14.3
Data Analysis Methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
14.4
Treatment of Non-Detected Values ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
14.5
Study Design Evaluation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
15.0
Revision History ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
16.0
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
TABLES
Table 1. Roles and Responsibilities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Table 2. Study Schedule …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Table 3. Tentative Sample Collection Frequency Schedule …………………………………………………………………….. 18
Table 4. Summary of Sampling Constituents…